太阳能蓄热联合空气源热泵的温室加热试验

针对日光温室被动采光蓄热的特点,该文在2014年1-2月期间,针对西安地区-6~10℃冬季气温条件下,开展了太阳能蓄热联合空气源热泵温室加热试验研究,通过对比太阳能蓄热联合空气源热泵系统改善温室内的空气温度、湿度及土壤温度等环境因素,分析评价太阳能联合空气源热泵系统在日光温室冬季应用的性能,结果表明:太阳能蓄热联合空气源热泵加热系统不仅明显提高了温室内的空气温度和土壤温度,也有效降低了温室内的湿度;在试验天气条件下,热泵单独供热时,系统的性能系数COP(coefficient of performance)在2.09~2.45之间;太阳能联合空气源热泵供热时,系统的COP在3.45~5.56之间;相比于其他天气工况,晴天条件下,太阳能蓄热供热时间较长,热泵补充供热时间缩短,系统的COP较高;采用地暖联合风机盘管作为末端供热方式,能够维持较高的室内气温和土壤温度,降低室内相对湿度。该文为今后进一步简化温室结构和降低建设成本,实现日光温室主动采光蓄热,奠定前期研究基础。     

江淮地区冬季羊舍供暖及通风换气效果

为改善江淮地区冬季肉羊养殖福利状况、提高肉羊生产水平,该文以江淮地区最常见的双坡顶有窗封闭羊舍为研究对象,利用油汀式电暖气为羊舍供暖以及负压风机与电暖气相结合方式为羊舍通风换气进行试验研究。结果表明：冬季舍外有效温度为3.04 ℃,供暖羊舍空气温度和羔羊日增质量可分别比对照羊舍提高3.4 ℃和29 g,空怀母羊日平均采食量比对照舍降低90 g,说明羊舍冬季供暖经济可行;换气羊舍空气温度、相对湿度通风前后差异不显著（P＞0.05）,NH3质量浓度和CO2体积分数通风前后差异显著（P＜0.05）,证实这种换气方式能够解决羊舍冬季保暖与通风换气的矛盾。综合认为,该研究为南方江淮地区冬季肉羊舍环境调控奠定了基础。     

Comparison between direct counts of active soil ciliates (Protozoa) and most probable number estimates obtained by Singh's dilution culture method

The abundance of active soil ciliates was determined by Singh's dilution culture method any by the direct counting method of Lüftenegger et al. (1988) in 13 samples of 3 types of soil (meadow topsoil, spruce and beech litter). This comparative investigation revealed that the dilution culture methods are likely to overestimate active ciliates by orders of magnitude (with an average factor of 2000). One of the disadvantages of dilution methods is their difficulty meeting the assumptions of the MPN (most probable number) estimation model, on which they are based. A further serious problem is the proper separation of encysted and active cells. Due to a wide range of systematic errors, MPN estimates become seriously biased. But even if the basic assumptions could be met, the maximal precision of the estimate is far too low for a useful application within the context of soil ecology. This was revealed by the calculation of approximate confidence limits. Subjecting the data to analysis of variance showed that the direct counts can clearly differentiate ciliate abundances in forest litter versus meadow soil, whereas the dilution culture method is not precise enough to achieve this distinction. The MPN estimates did not even correlate significantly with the direct counts. Our investigation thus proved that dilution culture methods are beset with methodological deficiencies, resulting in unreliable estimates of protozoan abundances in soil.     

马铃薯片红外加热灭酶脱水试验及动力学

该文研究了生产低油薯片的一种前处理工艺,并为后续的油炸工艺提供基础。试验考察了辐射距离、样品厚度、处理时间等工艺参数对马铃薯片水分比(moisture rate,MR)、脱水速率、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)相对残留活性、颜色等指标的影响,并进行了酶钝化动力学模型的研究。试验证明,辐射距离由15.5 cm减少到9.5 cm,样品厚度1.3 mm减少到0.8 mm时,马铃薯片最大脱水速率由0.24 g,(g·s)增加到0.59 g(g·s),PPO失活递减时间从364 s减少到152 s,色差值△E由5.26减少到1.66,,因此,马铃薯片红外处理应尽量采取高温短时处理。一级动力学模型能较好地预测加工过程中马铃薯片PPO失活情况(R~2=0.926~0.988)。PPO相对残留活性低于10%时,马铃薯片的湿基含水率由初始的77.71%降至44.58%~62.04%,预示着灭酶的同时脱除部分水分。后续油炸试验时,可选辐射距离为9.5 cm,处理厚度分别为0.8和1 mm,相应的处理时间为150和180 s时,这可得到较高品质的产品,其中PPO相对残留活性分别为8.51%和2.44%,最终湿基含水率为55.44和61.49,色差值△E为1.66和2.24。研究结果为后续油炸试验前处理工艺提供了参考。     

Conservation tillage systems, fungal complexes and disease development in soybean and barley rhizospheres in Prince Edward Island

A potential for reduced soil macroporosity (below 12% soil volume) under direct drilling, with a concomitant increase in soil relative saturation, is associated with an increase in crown and root rots in Prince Edward Island field crops. Four long-term tillage systems (moldboard plowing, paraplowing-direct drilling, rotary cultivation and direct drilling) were compared in relation to the pathogenic fungal complexes formed in a two crop rotation in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) over a 3 year period in a cool humid region of eastern Canada. The principal phytopathogenic fungal complex of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. and F. oxysporum Schl. remained constant over the treatments. Tillage practice did not affect the number of colony forming units of R. solani in the rhizosphere. The recovery of R. solani from root tissues tended to be lower following conservation tillage and was attributed to antagonism associated with elevated numbers of saprophytic trash microflora concentrated at the soil surface. Disease levels in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plantlet bioassays were not influenced significantly by soil source or tillage regime. However, plantlet growth tended to be depressed following transplantation into soil from soybean plots in 1993. Under optimum soil physical conditions conservation tillage did not appear to influence disease levels in barley and soybean rotations.     

宜兴茶园土壤侵蚀及生态影响

茶园是苏南丘陵坡地的一种典型利用方式 ,其上发生的土壤侵蚀及产生的生态影响不容忽视。而要测度土壤侵蚀 ,137Cs示踪法是目前使用较多的一种有用工具 ,但要用此法 ,需找到研究区的137Cs背景值 ,并建立合适的估算模型。本文在对宜兴茶园研究时 ,确定了这里的137Cs背景值为 2 2 0 0Bqm- 2 ,并建立了估算耕作土壤的较合理的模型h =Hc× (Cref-Ct) /(Cref-Cin)。在此基础上衡量了研究对象的土壤侵蚀量 ;并进一步探讨了由此引发的生态影响 ,包括土层减薄、土壤质地改变和养分流失这样的直接影响 ,以及与之相应的一些间接影响 ,如能耗增加、水体富营养化及土地适宜性变化等 ;并且 ,还采用等值侵蚀模数这个指标 ,在与其他地区尤其是黄土和红壤区比较中揭示了苏南地区土壤侵蚀的生态危害的严重性     

Influence of tillage practices and nutrient management on crack parameters in a Vertisol of central India

The frequency, size and rate of development of cracks influence the transport of water, nutrients and gases in the soil profile and plant growth processes in Vertisols. Despite their importance, studies on characterising cracks in Vertisols of India are limited. This study attempts to evaluate the influence of different tillage practices, nutrient management and cropping systems on cracking behaviour of a Vertisol in central India. The length, depth, width, area and volume of cracks were recorded after the harvest of the wet season crops, i.e. soybean (Glycine max L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) from three ongoing tillage experiments with three different cropping systems, i.e. soybean–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), soybean–linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and rice–wheat. The results revealed that all the crack parameters were significantly negatively correlated with the water content of the 0–15 cm soil layer and, crack width and crack volume were significantly positively correlated with the bulk density of the 0–15 cm soil layer. Gravimetric water content and bulk density of the 0–15 cm soil layer together explained 79% variation in the crack volume. The crack volume was significantly negatively correlated (r=0.86,P=0.01) with the root length density of the previous soybean crop. Rice grown under puddled condition significantly enhanced different crack parameters viz., length, depth, width, surface area and volume of the cracks over nonpuddled direct seeded rice. Sub-soiling practised in soybean under the soybean–linseed system significantly reduced the width, depth, length and surface area of cracks by 12.5, 10, 5 and 12%, respectively, over conventional tillage. No tillage practised in soybean under soybean–wheat system resulted in significant increase in width, depth and volume of the cracks but decrease in length and surface area of cracks over conventional tillage and mould board tillage practice. Application of manure reduced the magnitude of different crack parameters in soybean–linseed cropping system. Thus cracking in Vertisols can be favourably managed by the selection of proper tillage practice, cropping system and organic manure amendments.     

The effect of seeding and tillage methods on productivity of rice–wheat cropping system

Many farmers in southeast Asia are growing rice on unpuddled soil. This practice does not permit breaking of the deadlock of increase in productivity in spite of using high yielding varieties and practising all known scientific technologies. Furthermore, farmers do dry seeding which leads to heavy infestation of weeds and reduces response to other inputs. Similarly, in rice–wheat belt due to short turn around time farmers resort to broadcast sowing of wheat after rice and no data on benefits or otherwise of tillage are available. A field study was therefore conducted for 3 years (1993–1994 to 1995–1996) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of tillage and seeding methods in rice–wheat cropping system. Treatments included four combinations of two puddling treatments (puddling and no puddling) and two methods of rice seeding (direct seeding and transplanting) in rice and two tillage treatments (zero and conventional tillage) in wheat. Results indicated that puddling increased grain yield of rice by 0.7–1 t ha⁻¹ and of succeeding wheat by 0.2–0.4 t ha⁻¹, straw yield of rice by 0.8–1.7 t ha⁻¹ and of succeeding wheat by 0.1–1.0 t ha⁻¹.

Puddling reduced water requirement of rice by 75 mm ha and increased net return of rice–wheat system by US $175 ha⁻¹. Transplanted rice gave significantly higher grain and straw yields and net returns than direct seeded rice both on puddled and unpuddled seedbed. Conventional tillage in wheat also increased productivity of rice–wheat cropping system significantly over zero tillage after both puddled and non-puddled rice. Our results thus show that rice should be grown on puddled soil and wheat after rice should be sown after conventional tillage.     

含颗粒液态食品通电加热研究动态

通过对国内外含颗粒液态食品通电加热研究分析,介绍了含颗粒液态食品通电加热的原理和加工特性,总结出影响通电加热食品品质的因素,概述了通电加热技术在含颗粒食品中的研究动态,阐述了含颗粒食品通电加热中数学模型的应用现状,指出含颗粒液态食品通电加热研究中存在的问题,为今后研究及发展趋势提出了建议.对进一步深入研究含颗粒液态食品通电加热的加工特性、影响因子及其应用具有参考价值和指导意义.     

直流伺服控制系统的转速控制

基于反馈控制原理,该文提出应用电流放大器与电压放大器系统作为控制手段,使被控制对象严格按照各种特定的转速分布特性工作,其控制系统结构简单,精度高,操作方便。在分析中,获得了输入信号与转速以及负载转矩与转速的传递函数,进而分析了对于输入信号和负载转矩的转速响应的瞬变过程。